欧美肥婆性猛交xxⅹooo,一线观看黄片,精品人妻午夜一区二区三区四区性视频,777奇米亚洲影视,人族镇守使小说免费阅读全文,不良人h小说,骚奴调教捆绑sm性女王情趣内衣,最新亚洲成人av天堂,窃玉偷香香阅小说免费阅读,电子小说免费下载网站

您好!歡迎訪問上海牧榮生物科技有限公司網(wǎng)站!
咨詢熱線

17621170138

當(dāng)前位置:首頁(yè) > 技術(shù)文章 > 如何選擇染料

如何選擇染料

更新時(shí)間:2023-10-17      點(diǎn)擊次數(shù):1299

為了使用熒光標(biāo)記物獲得最佳結(jié)果,必須考慮幾個(gè)因素。

首先,這是激發(fā)光源:為了減少樣品自發(fā)熒光可能產(chǎn)生的干擾,激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)優(yōu)選在550 nm甚至600 nm以上。除了減少背景之外,紅色光譜范圍在處理活細(xì)胞時(shí)也具有優(yōu)勢(shì),因?yàn)榭梢詼p少損傷。

其次,熒光標(biāo)記應(yīng)在激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)下具有強(qiáng)吸收以及高熒光量子產(chǎn)率。消光系數(shù)和熒光量子產(chǎn)率的乘積通常稱為染料的“亮度"。

染料的熒光效率在光譜的藍(lán)色和綠色區(qū)域最高。在某些情況下,量子產(chǎn)率幾乎達(dá)到100%的理論極限。對(duì)于更長(zhǎng)的波長(zhǎng),發(fā)射的量子產(chǎn)率急劇下降,尤其是在水溶液中。然而, ATTO-TEC已成功開發(fā)出即使在 650 nm 下也具有高量子產(chǎn)率的熒光標(biāo)記。例如,ATTO 647N在水溶液中發(fā)出的熒光強(qiáng)度是舊花青染料 Cy5 的兩倍。ATTO 647N和 Cy5 的相對(duì)熒光強(qiáng)度。PBS 水溶液1 cm 池中相應(yīng)吸收最大值處的吸光度為 0.04。22 °C 時(shí)兩個(gè)吸收光譜(相同吸收)交叉處的熒光激發(fā)。

1697538206222.jpg



 
最后,標(biāo)記物的發(fā)射光譜應(yīng)與所用濾光片組的傳輸相匹配。反過來(lái),必須選擇濾光片組,使其阻擋樣品散射的激發(fā)光并允許熒光盡可能有效地通過。

當(dāng)使用波長(zhǎng)為 635 nm 的二極管激光器作為激發(fā)源以及在 650 nm 至 750 nm 之間具有高透射率的濾光片組時(shí),例如ATTO 647N將是一個(gè)非常好的選擇。從ATTO染料列表可以看出, ATTO647N635 nm處具有高消光系數(shù),接近吸收曲線最大值的波長(zhǎng),以及優(yōu)異的熒光量子產(chǎn)率(η fl = 65%)。

下表概述了一些常用的激勵(lì)源和推薦的ATTO標(biāo)簽。
 

光源發(fā)射線適用染料
水銀蒸氣燈365納米
405納米
436
納米 546納米
577納米
ATTO 390
ATTO 425、ATTO 430LS
ATTO 425、ATTO 430LS、ATTO 465
ATTO 550、ATTO 565
ATTO Rho12、ATTO Rho101、ATTO 590
ATTO Rho13、ATTO 594、ATTO 610、ATTO Rho14
氬離子激光器488nm

514nm
 
ATTO 488、ATTO 490LS
ATTO 514、ATTO 520
ATTO 514、ATTO 490LS、ATTO 520
ATTO 532、ATTO 542
Nd:YAG 激光器,
倍頻
532納米ATTO 532、ATTO Rho6G、ATTO 542
ATTO 550、ATTO 565、ATTO Rho11、ATTO Rho12
氦氖激光器633納米ATTO 643、ATTO 633、ATTO 647、
ATTO 647 N、ATTO 655
氪離子激光器647nm

676nm
ATTO 643 ATTO 647、ATTO 647 N、ATTO 655、
ATTO Oxa12、ATTO 665、ATTO 680
ATTO 680、ATTO 700、ATTO 725、ATTO 740
二極管激光器635納米ATTO 633、ATTO 643、ATTO 647、
ATTO 647 N、ATTO 655


熒光標(biāo)記物的特性
然而,應(yīng)該注意的是,除了已經(jīng)討論的光學(xué)考慮因素之外,選擇標(biāo)記時(shí)其他因素也很重要,例如染料的 pH 依賴性光學(xué)和化學(xué)特性、其溶解度、光和化學(xué)特性穩(wěn)定性、發(fā)色團(tuán)的大小或連接體的長(zhǎng)度等,其涉及或滿足各自應(yīng)用的要求。這些特性與染料作為熒光標(biāo)記物的適用性非常相關(guān)。

最重要的是,染料在照射過程中保持完整。許多常見的標(biāo)記,例如熒光素衍生物 FITC,具有非常低的光穩(wěn)定性。因此,當(dāng)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間觀察過程時(shí),使用高強(qiáng)度激光激發(fā)時(shí)成像的靈敏度和質(zhì)量會(huì)受到限制。這對(duì)于顯微鏡和其他基于共焦原理的技術(shù)(例如單細(xì)胞的檢測(cè))來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的缺點(diǎn)。與一些常用的舊染料相比,新型ATTO標(biāo)簽的設(shè)計(jì)即使在長(zhǎng)時(shí)間暴露后也顯著更加穩(wěn)定。

ATTO 655與傳統(tǒng) Cy5的光穩(wěn)定性比較TM在水里。使用 250 W 鹵鎢燈照射,聚焦到 1 cm 池中。消光與照射持續(xù)時(shí)間。

1697538237914.jpg




許多常見的熒光標(biāo)記物即使在沒有照射的情況下(即在黑暗中)也會(huì)分解,特別是當(dāng)暴露于實(shí)驗(yàn)室大氣中的低濃度臭氧時(shí)。在相同的臭氧暴露條件下,染料ATTO 647NATTO 655的穩(wěn)定性比花青染料 Cy5 TM和 Alexa647 TM長(zhǎng) 100 倍。這在微陣列應(yīng)用中非常重要,因?yàn)槿玖戏肿游挥诒砻?,因此直接暴露在大氣中?/span>

緊湊而強(qiáng)大的激光二極管現(xiàn)在覆蓋了光譜的整個(gè)可見光和近紅外部分。它們已作為非常有效的激發(fā)源進(jìn)入許多應(yīng)用/設(shè)備,并越來(lái)越多地取代傳統(tǒng)光源。

如果沒有最大吸收與現(xiàn)有激發(fā)源的波長(zhǎng)完*對(duì)應(yīng)的標(biāo)記,則應(yīng)選擇波長(zhǎng)稍長(zhǎng)的染料。吸收會(huì)稍微降低,但激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)和熒光光譜之間的較大差異(與激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)無(wú)關(guān))具有在檢測(cè)過程中更好地分離散射激發(fā)光的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

掃一掃,關(guān)注微信
地址:上海市嘉定區(qū)安亭鎮(zhèn)新源路155弄16號(hào)新源商務(wù)樓718室 傳真:Shanghai Mulong Biotechnology
©2025 上海牧榮生物科技有限公司 版權(quán)所有 All Rights Reserved.  備案號(hào):滬ICP備2022017655號(hào)-1
{????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}| {????′ê}|